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Disease factsheet about tetanus Factsheet. Twitter Facebook Linked In Mail. The pathogen Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobic Gram-positive bacillus. The tetanus bacillus forms spores that can be found in soil and house dust, and in animal and human faeces. The spores remain viable for years in the environment and are resistant to boiling and freezing. Direct contamination of wounds with C. The spores develop into a vegetative form of the bacilli which produces and releases a neurotropic exotoxin called tetanospasmin.
Tetanus toxin is one of the most potent toxins known in relation to its weight. It is transported with blood and lymph, and taken up via endocytosis by nerve cells at the neuromuscular junctions after which it is transported centripetally inside the axons. Once inside the neurons, tetanus toxin cannot be neutralised by antitoxin. The tetanus toxin acts on four areas of the nervous system: a the motor end plates in the skeletal system; b the spinal cord; c the brain; and d the sympathetic system.
The toxin blocks the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitters glycine and gamma-amino-butyric acid in the central nervous system. Tetanus bacteria are more likely to infect certain breaks in the skin. These include:. The incubation period — time from exposure to illness — is usually between 3 and 21 days average 10 days. However, it may range from one day to several months, depending on the kind of wound.
Most cases occur within 14 days. In general, doctors see shorter incubation periods with:. Top of Page. Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. Nearly all cases of tetanus are among people who did not get all the recommended tetanus vaccinations.
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