Illness prevented him from travelling to Rome until Galileo's accusation at the trial which followed was that he had breached the conditions laid down by the Inquisition in However a different version of this decision was produced at the trial rather than the one Galileo had been given at the time. The truth of the Copernican theory was not an issue therefore; it was taken as a fact at the trial that this theory was false.
This was logical, of course, since the judgement of had declared it totally false. Found guilty, Galileo was condemned to lifelong imprisonment, but the sentence was carried out somewhat sympathetically and it amounted to house arrest rather than a prison sentence.
He was able to live first with the Archbishop of Siena, then later to return to his home in Arcetri, near Florence, but had to spend the rest of his life watched over by officers from the Inquisition. In he suffered a severe blow when his daughter Virginia, Sister Maria Celeste, died.
She had been a great support to her father through his illnesses and Galileo was shattered and could not work for many months. When he did manage to restart work, he began to write Discourses and mathematical demonstrations concerning the two new sciences.
After Galileo had completed work on the Discourses it was smuggled out of Italy, and taken to Leyden in Holland where it was published. It was his most rigorous mathematical work which treated problems on impetus, moments, and centres of gravity. Much of this work went back to the unpublished ideas in De Motu from around and the improvements which he had worked out during - In the Discourses he developed his ideas of the inclined plane writing:- I assume that the speed acquired by the same movable object over different inclinations of the plane are equal whenever the heights of those planes are equal.
He then described an experiment using a pendulum to verify his property of inclined planes and used these ideas to give a theorem on acceleration of bodies in free fall:- The time in which a certain distance is traversed by an object moving under uniform acceleration from rest is equal to the time in which the same distance would be traversed by the same movable object moving at a uniform speed of one half the maximum and final speed of the previous uniformly accelerated motion.
After giving further results of this type he gives his famous result that the distance that a body moves from rest under uniform acceleration is proportional to the square of the time taken. One would expect that Galileo's understanding of the pendulum, which he had since he was a young man, would have led him to design a pendulum clock. In fact he only seems to have thought of this possibility near the end of his life and around he did design the first pendulum clock.
Galileo died in early but the significance of his clock design was certainly realised by his son Vincenzo who tried to make a clock to Galileo's plan, but failed. It was a sad end for so great a man to die condemned of heresy. His will indicated that he wished to be buried beside his father in the family tomb in the Basilica of Santa Croce but his relatives feared, quite rightly, that this would provoke opposition from the Church.
His body was concealed and only placed in a fine tomb in the church in by the civil authorities against the wishes of many in the Church. On 31 October , years after Galileo's death, Pope John Paul II gave an address on behalf of the Catholic Church in which he admitted that errors had been made by the theological advisors in the case of Galileo. He declared the Galileo case closed, but he did not admit that the Church was wrong to convict Galileo on a charge of heresy because of his belief that the Earth rotates round the sun.
References show. Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica. S Drake, Galileo Oxford, P Machamer ed. C A Ronan, Galileo W R Shea, Galileo's intellectual revolution. Middle period, - New York, E Agazzi, Was Galileo a realist? Storia Sci. U Baldini, Additamenta Galilaeana. M Biagioli, Galileo the emblem maker, Isis 81 , - M Biagioli, Galileo's system of patronage, Hist. V Cappelletti, Galileo's trial Italian , Arch.
E Carruccio, Galileo precursore della teoria degli insiemi Italian , Boll. Proposal for a new interpretation of his works Italian , Rend. XL Mem. Vie Sci. S Drake, Galileo's first telescopic observations, Journal for the history of astronomy 7 , - S Drake, Galileo, Kepler, and the phases of Venus, Journal for the history of astronomy 15 , - S Drake, Galileo and satellite prediction, Journal for the history of astronomy 10 , 75 - S Drake, Galileo's constant, Nuncius Ann. S Drake, Galileo and mathematical physics, in Science and philosophy Milan, , - S Drake, Galileo's steps to full Copernicanism, and back, Stud.
S Drake, Galileo's pre-Paduan writings : years, sources, motivations, Stud. S Drake, Galileo's physical measurements, Amer. S Drake, Alleged departures from Galileo's law of descent, Ann. S Drake, Ptolemy, Galileo, and scientific method, Stud. S Drake, Galileo's experimental confirmation of horizontal inertia : unpublished manuscripts, Isis 64 , - S Drake, The evolution of 'De motu', Isis 67 , - S Drake, The uniform motion equivalent to a uniformly accelerated motion from rest, Isis 63 , 28 - S Drake, Galileo's work on free fall in , Physis - Riv.
S Drake, The question of circular inertia, Physis - Riv. Lincei Rend. H Erlichson, Galileo and high tower experiments, Centaurus 36 1 , 33 - H Erlichson, Galileo's pendulums and planes, Ann.
Uspekhi 34 2 , Histoire Sci. M A Finocchiaro, Galileo's philosophy of science. II, A case study of interdisciplinary synthesis. With an Italian translation, Scientia Milano 1 - 4 , - I, A case study of the role of judgment and of philosophizing in science, Scientia Milano 1 - 4 , 95 - In Galileo's lifetime, all celestial bodies were thought to orbit the Earth. Supported by the Catholic Church, teaching opposite of this system was declared heresy in Galileo, however, did not agree.
His research — including his observations of the phases of Venus and the fact that Jupiter boasted moons that didn't orbit Earth — supported the Copernican system, which correctly stated that the Earth and other planets circle the sun.
In , he was summoned to Rome and warned not to teach or write about this controversial theory. But in , believing that he could write on the subject if he treated it as a mathematical proposition, he published work on the Copernican system.
He was found guilty of heresy , and was placed under house arrest for the remaining nine years of his life. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community space. Nola Taylor Tillman is a contributing writer for Space.
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