Social institutions; The society can set up its own institutions to manage social affairs in stead of the kinship system, and. Integration of its own cultural characteristics; This may reflect on the patterns of art and the advancement of literature. When we start to study about civilizations, we should have at least three questions in our mind. They are:. Some social scientists decide that factors of geography are the most important to the rise of civilization.
Others stress economic resources, food supply, contact with older civilizations, and so on. Under geographical conditions, Ellsworth Huntington, an American geographer, insisted that no nation rose to the highest cultural status except under the influence of a climatic stimulus.
Related to the climatic hypothesis is the soil-exhaustion theory. This group of theory believes that the majestic civilizations that once flourished in Mesopotamia, Palestine, Greece, Italy, China, and Mexico were ultimately doomed by the simple fact that their soil would no longer provide sufficient food for the population. Another theory about the origin of civilizations is adversity.
Arnold J. Toynbee, a British historian, said that conditions of hardship or adversity are the real causes which have brought into existence superior cultures. The challenge may be in the form of a desert, a jungle area, rugged topography, or a grudging soil. The majority of historians believe that the genesis of civilizations cannot be explained except on the basis of a complex of causes or a combination of factors.
Culture is everything about the human society, i. On the other extreme, civilization is the breakthrough of the human society meaning that it is the advanced level of social and human development.
People often conflate the terms culture and civilization and end up using them synonymously. Go through with the article presented before you, to have a deeper understanding of the difference between culture and civilization.
Basis for Comparison Culture Civilization Meaning Culture is a term used to denote the manifestation of the manner in which we think, behave and act. Civilization refers to the process through which a region or society, outstretches an advanced stage of human development and organization.
What is it? End Means Represents What we are? What we possess? Reflected in Religion, art, dance, literature, customs, morals, music, philosophy, etc. Law, administration, infrastructure, architecture, social arrangement, etc. Expression Higher level of inner refinement.
Higher level of general development. Advancement No Yes Interdependency Culture can grow and exist without civilization. Civilization cannot grow and exist without culture. Sociology, Issue 3 15 , pp.
M Tahmassebpour Detailed modeling study of low-velocity combustion of crude oil at different moisture content, Petroleum Science and Technology 34 24 , Kelly, M. Kovalzon, Theory and History. PDF EN.
Culture and civilization: functional and methodological aspects. Revista Publicando , 5 16 1 ,
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